Sklerosis Multipel: Gejala, Dampak, Dan Perkembangan Terapi “Studi Kasus”

Abstract

ABSTRAK

Latar Belakang: Sklerosis multipel merupakan penyakit autoimun neurodegeneratif dengan demielinisasi kronik pada sistem saraf pusat. Bukti ilmiah penatalaksanaan komprehensif masih tersebar dan memerlukan sintesis sistematis.

Tujuan: Mengkaji literatur ilmiah terkait patofisiologi, manifestasi klinis, dan perkembangan terapi sklerosis multipel dari perspektif klinis dan psikososial.

Hasil: Sklerosis multipel dipicu faktor genetik dan lingkungan. Kortikosteroid efektif mengatasi relaps akut, antibodi monoklonal (ocrelizumab, ofatumumab) menekan aktivitas penyakit, sementara BTK inhibitors dan CAR-T cell therapy menjanjikan untuk menghentikan progresi. Pada wanita, gejala membaik saat kehamilan namun relaps meningkat pasca persalinan. Fisioterapi (TENS, NMES, DNS) memperbaiki mobilitas dan mengurangi nyeri. Dukungan sosial meningkatkan kepatuhan pengobatan dan kualitas hidup.

Kesimpulan: Penatalaksanaan sklerosis multipel memerlukan pendekatan multidisiplin mengintegrasikan terapi farmakologis, rehabilitasi medik, dan dukungan psikososial. Diperlukan protokol khusus untuk wanita usia reproduktif dan penelitian longitudinal di Indonesia.

ABSTRACT

Background: Multiple sclerosis is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease with chronic demyelination of the central nervous system. Scientific evidence on comprehensive management remains scattered and requires systematic synthesis.

Objective: To examine scientific literature on pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic developments of multiple sclerosis from clinical and psychosocial perspectives.

Results: Multiple sclerosis is triggered by genetic and environmental factors. Corticosteroids effectively manage acute relapses, monoclonal antibodies (ocrelizumab, ofatumumab) suppress disease activity, while BTK inhibitors and CAR-T cell therapy show promise in halting progression. In women, symptoms improve during pregnancy but relapses increase postpartum. Physiotherapy (TENS, NMES, DNS) improves mobility and reduces pain. Social support enhances treatment adherence and quality of life.

Conclusion: Multiple sclerosis management requires a multidisciplinary approach integrating pharmacological therapy, medical rehabilitation, and psychosocial support. Specific protocols for women of reproductive age and longitudinal research in Indonesia are needed.