Reaksi Anafilaksis Akibat Kemoterapi atau Obat Onkologi

Abstract

Latar Belakang: Reaksi anafilaksis merupakan kondisi kegawatdaruratan medis yang bersifat akut, cepat berkembang, dan berpotensi mengancam nyawa. Dalam bidang onkologi, kemoterapi dan obat antikanker memiliki risiko tinggi memicu reaksi hipersensitivitas, termasuk anafilaksis..

Tujuan : Untuk memahami secara komprehensif mengenai reaksi anafilaksis akibat kemoterapi atau obat onkologi serta penatalaksanaan dan asuhan keperawatan yang tepat.

Metode: Menggunakan metode studi literatur dan analisis kasus klinis dengan pendekatan deskriptif.

Hasil: Anafilaksis terjadi akibat pelepasan mediator inflamasi dari sel mast dan basofil melalui mekanisme imunologis maupun non-imunologis. Manifestasi klinis melibatkan multisistem seperti kulit, respirasi, dan kardiovaskular yang dapat berkembang menjadi syok anafilaktik. Penanganan dilakukan secara cepat dengan pendekatan ABCDE, meliputi pemberian epinefrin intramuskular sebagai terapi lini pertama, serta oksigen, cairan intravena, antihistamin, dan kortikosteroid.

Kesimpulan: Reaksi anafilaksis akibat kemoterapi merupakan kondisi yang membutuhkan penanganan segera dan tepat untuk mencegah komplikasi fatal. Perawat memiliki peran penting dalam deteksi dini, pengkajian cepat, dan intervensi kolaboratif, sehingga diperlukan peningkatan kewaspadaan dan kompetensi tenaga kesehatan.

Background: Anaphylactic reactions are acute medical emergencies that develop rapidly and have the potential to be life-threatening. In the field of oncology, chemotherapy and anticancer drugs carry a high risk of triggering hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis.

Objective: To comprehensively understand anaphylactic reactions caused by chemotherapy or oncology drugs, as well as their appropriate management and nursing care.

Methods: This study employed a literature review and clinical case analysis using a descriptive approach.

Results: Anaphylaxis occurs due to the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells and basophils through both immunological and non-immunological mechanisms. Clinical manifestations involve multiple organ systems, including the skin, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems, and may progress to anaphylactic shock. Management should be initiated promptly using the ABCDE approach, including the administration of intramuscular epinephrine as the first-line therapy, along with oxygen, intravenous fluids, antihistamines, and corticosteroids.

Conclusion: Chemotherapy-induced anaphylactic reactions are conditions that require immediate and appropriate management to prevent fatal complications. Nurses play a crucial role in early detection, rapid assessment, and collaborative interventions; therefore, increased vigilance and competency among healthcare professionals are essential.